# AVM Opcodes

The [coverage](coverage.md) file provides a comprehensive list of all opcodes and their respective types, categorized as _Mockable_, _Emulated_, or _Native_ within the `algorand-python-testing` package. This section highlights a **subset** of opcodes and types that typically require interaction with the test context manager.

`Native` opcodes are assumed to function as they do in the Algorand Virtual Machine, given their stateless nature. If you encounter issues with any `Native` opcodes, please raise an issue in the [`algorand-python-testing` repo](https://github.com/algorandfoundation/algorand-python-testing/issues/new/choose) or contribute a PR following the [Contributing](https://github.com/algorandfoundation/algorand-python-testing/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md) guide.

```{testsetup}
import algopy
from algopy_testing import algopy_testing_context

# Create the context manager for snippets below
ctx_manager = algopy_testing_context()

# Enter the context
context = ctx_manager.__enter__()
```

## Implemented Types

These types are fully implemented in Python and behave identically to their AVM counterparts:

### 1. Cryptographic Operations

The following opcodes are demonstrated:

-   `op.sha256`
-   `op.keccak256`
-   `op.ecdsa_verify`

```{testcode}
from algopy import op

# SHA256 hash
data = algopy.Bytes(b"Hello, World!")
hashed = op.sha256(data)

# Keccak256 hash
keccak_hashed = op.keccak256(data)

# ECDSA verification
message_hash = bytes.fromhex("f809fd0aa0bb0f20b354c6b2f86ea751957a4e262a546bd716f34f69b9516ae1")
sig_r = bytes.fromhex("18d96c7cda4bc14d06277534681ded8a94828eb731d8b842e0da8105408c83cf")
sig_s = bytes.fromhex("7d33c61acf39cbb7a1d51c7126f1718116179adebd31618c4604a1f03b5c274a")
pubkey_x = bytes.fromhex("f8140e3b2b92f7cbdc8196bc6baa9ce86cf15c18e8ad0145d50824e6fa890264")
pubkey_y = bytes.fromhex("bd437b75d6f1db67155a95a0da4b41f2b6b3dc5d42f7db56238449e404a6c0a3")

result = op.ecdsa_verify(op.ECDSA.Secp256r1, message_hash, sig_r, sig_s, pubkey_x, pubkey_y)
assert result
```

### 2. Arithmetic and Bitwise Operations

The following opcodes are demonstrated:

-   `op.addw`
-   `op.bitlen`
-   `op.getbit`
-   `op.setbit_uint64`

```{testcode}
from algopy import op

# Addition with carry
result, carry = op.addw(algopy.UInt64(2**63), algopy.UInt64(2**63))

# Bitwise operations
value = algopy.UInt64(42)
bit_length = op.bitlen(value)
is_bit_set = op.getbit(value, 3)
new_value = op.setbit_uint64(value, 2, 1)
```

For a comprehensive list of all opcodes and types, refer to the [coverage](../coverage.md) page.

## Emulated Types Requiring Transaction Context

These types necessitate interaction with the transaction context:

### algopy.op.Global

```{testcode}
from algopy import op

class MyContract(algopy.ARC4Contract):
    @algopy.arc4.abimethod
    def check_globals(self) -> algopy.UInt64:
        return op.Global.min_txn_fee + op.Global.min_balance

... # setup context (below assumes available under 'ctx' variable)

context.ledger.patch_global_fields(
    min_txn_fee=algopy.UInt64(1000),
    min_balance=algopy.UInt64(100000)
)

contract = MyContract()
result = contract.check_globals()
assert result == algopy.UInt64(101000)
```

### algopy.op.Txn

```{testcode}
from algopy import op

class MyContract(algopy.ARC4Contract):
    @algopy.arc4.abimethod
    def check_txn_fields(self) -> algopy.arc4.Address:
        return algopy.arc4.Address(op.Txn.sender)

... # setup context (below assumes available under 'ctx' variable)

contract = MyContract()
custom_sender = context.any.account()
with context.txn.create_group(active_txn_overrides={"sender": custom_sender}):
    result = contract.check_txn_fields()
assert result == custom_sender
```

### algopy.op.AssetHoldingGet

```{testcode}
from algopy import op

class AssetContract(algopy.ARC4Contract):
    @algopy.arc4.abimethod
    def check_asset_holding(self, account: algopy.Account, asset: algopy.Asset) -> algopy.UInt64:
        balance, _ = op.AssetHoldingGet.asset_balance(account, asset)
        return balance

... # setup context (below assumes available under 'ctx' variable)

asset = context.any.asset(total=algopy.UInt64(1000000))
account = context.any.account(opted_asset_balances={asset.id: algopy.UInt64(5000)})
contract = AssetContract()
result = contract.check_asset_holding(account, asset)
assert result == algopy.UInt64(5000)
```

### algopy.op.AppGlobal

```{testcode}
from algopy import op

class StateContract(algopy.ARC4Contract):
    @algopy.arc4.abimethod
    def set_and_get_state(self, key: algopy.Bytes, value: algopy.UInt64) -> algopy.UInt64:
        op.AppGlobal.put(key, value)
        return op.AppGlobal.get_uint64(key)

... # setup context (below assumes available under 'ctx' variable)

contract = StateContract()
key, value = algopy.Bytes(b"test_key"), algopy.UInt64(42)
result = contract.set_and_get_state(key, value)
assert result == value
stored_value = context.ledger.get_global_state(contract, key)
assert stored_value == 42
```

### algopy.op.Block

```{testcode}
from algopy import op

class BlockInfoContract(algopy.ARC4Contract):
    @algopy.arc4.abimethod
    def get_block_seed(self) -> algopy.Bytes:
        return op.Block.blk_seed(1000)

... # setup context (below assumes available under 'ctx' variable)

context.ledger.set_block(1000, seed=123456, timestamp=1625097600)
contract = BlockInfoContract()
seed = contract.get_block_seed()
assert seed == algopy.op.itob(123456)
```

### algopy.op.AcctParamsGet

```{testcode}
from algopy import op

class AccountParamsContract(algopy.ARC4Contract):
    @algopy.arc4.abimethod
    def get_account_balance(self, account: algopy.Account) -> algopy.UInt64:
        balance, exists = op.AcctParamsGet.acct_balance(account)
        assert exists
        return balance

... # setup context (below assumes available under 'ctx' variable)

account = context.any.account(balance=algopy.UInt64(1000000))
contract = AccountParamsContract()
balance = contract.get_account_balance(account)
assert balance == algopy.UInt64(1000000)
```

### algopy.op.AppParamsGet

```{testcode}
class AppParamsContract(algopy.ARC4Contract):
    @algopy.arc4.abimethod
    def get_app_creator(self, app_id: algopy.Application) -> algopy.arc4.Address:
        creator, exists = algopy.op.AppParamsGet.app_creator(app_id)
        assert exists
        return algopy.arc4.Address(creator)

... # setup context (below assumes available under 'ctx' variable)

contract = AppParamsContract()
app = context.any.application()
creator = contract.get_app_creator(app)
assert creator == context.default_sender
```

### algopy.op.AssetParamsGet

```{testcode}
from algopy import op

class AssetParamsContract(algopy.ARC4Contract):
    @algopy.arc4.abimethod
    def get_asset_total(self, asset_id: algopy.UInt64) -> algopy.UInt64:
        total, exists = op.AssetParamsGet.asset_total(asset_id)
        assert exists
        return total

... # setup context (below assumes available under 'ctx' variable)

asset = context.any.asset(total=algopy.UInt64(1000000), decimals=algopy.UInt64(6))
contract = AssetParamsContract()
total = contract.get_asset_total(asset.id)
assert total == algopy.UInt64(1000000)
```

### algopy.op.Box

```{testcode}
from algopy import op

class BoxStorageContract(algopy.ARC4Contract):
    @algopy.arc4.abimethod
    def store_and_retrieve(self, key: algopy.Bytes, value: algopy.Bytes) -> algopy.Bytes:
        op.Box.put(key, value)
        retrieved_value, exists = op.Box.get(key)
        assert exists
        return retrieved_value

... # setup context (below assumes available under 'ctx' variable)

contract = BoxStorageContract()
key, value = algopy.Bytes(b"test_key"), algopy.Bytes(b"test_value")
result = contract.store_and_retrieve(key, value)
assert result == value
stored_value = context.ledger.get_box(contract, key)
assert stored_value == value.value
```

## Mockable Opcodes

These opcodes are mockable in `algorand-python-testing`, allowing for controlled testing of complex operations:

### algopy.compile_contract

```{testcode}
from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
import algopy

mocked_response = MagicMock()
mocked_response.local_bytes = algopy.UInt64(4)

class MockContract(algopy.Contract):
    ...

class ContractFactory(algopy.ARC4Contract):
    ...

    @algopy.arc4.abimethod
    def compile_and_get_bytes(self) -> algopy.UInt64:
        contract_response = algopy.compile_contract(MockContract)
        return contract_response.local_bytes

... # setup context (below assumes available under 'ctx' variable)

contract = ContractFactory()
with patch('algopy.compile_contract', return_value=mocked_response):
    assert contract.compile_and_get_bytes() == 4
```

### algopy.arc4.abi_call

```{testcode}
import unittest
from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
import algopy
import typing

class MockAbiCall:
    def __call__(
        self, *args: typing.Any, **_kwargs: typing.Any
    ) -> tuple[typing.Any, typing.Any]:
        return (
            algopy.arc4.UInt64(11),
            MagicMock(),
        )

    def __getitem__(self, _item: object) -> typing.Self:
        return self

class MyContract(algopy.ARC4Contract):
    @algopy.arc4.abimethod
    def my_method(self, arg1: algopy.UInt64, arg2: algopy.UInt64) -> algopy.UInt64:
        return algopy.arc4.abi_call[algopy.arc4.UInt64]("my_other_method", arg1, arg2)[0].native

... # setup context (below assumes available under 'ctx' variable)

contract = MyContract()
with patch('algopy.arc4.abi_call', MockAbiCall()):
    result = contract.my_method(algopy.UInt64(10), algopy.UInt64(1))
assert result == 11
```

### algopy.op.vrf_verify

```{testcode}
from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
import algopy

def test_mock_vrf_verify():
    mock_result = (algopy.Bytes(b'mock_output'), True)
    with patch('algopy.op.vrf_verify', return_value=mock_result) as mock_vrf_verify:
        result = algopy.op.vrf_verify(
            algopy.op.VrfVerify.VrfAlgorand,
            algopy.Bytes(b'proof'),
            algopy.Bytes(b'message'),
            algopy.Bytes(b'public_key')
        )
    assert result == mock_result
    mock_vrf_verify.assert_called_once_with(
        algopy.op.VrfVerify.VrfAlgorand,
        algopy.Bytes(b'proof'),
        algopy.Bytes(b'message'),
        algopy.Bytes(b'public_key')
    )

test_mock_vrf_verify()
```

### algopy.op.EllipticCurve

```{testcode}
from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
import algopy

def test_mock_elliptic_curve_decompress():
    mock_result = (algopy.Bytes(b'x_coord'), algopy.Bytes(b'y_coord'))
    with patch('algopy.op.EllipticCurve.decompress', return_value=mock_result) as mock_decompress:
        result = algopy.op.EllipticCurve.decompress(
            algopy.op.EC.BN254g1,
            algopy.Bytes(b'compressed_point')
        )
    assert result == mock_result
    mock_decompress.assert_called_once_with(
        algopy.op.EC.BN254g1,
        algopy.Bytes(b'compressed_point')
    )

test_mock_elliptic_curve_decompress()
```

These examples demonstrate how to mock key mockable opcodes in `algorand-python-testing`. Use similar techniques (in your preferred testing framework) for other mockable opcodes like `algopy.compile_logicsig`, `algopy.arc4.arc4_create`, and `algopy.arc4.arc4_update`.

Mocking these opcodes allows you to:

1. Control complex operations' behavior not covered by _implemented_ and _emulated_ types.
2. Test edge cases and error conditions.
3. Isolate contract logic from external dependencies.

```{testcleanup}
ctx_manager.__exit__(None, None, None)
```